Martyrs Sikh Generals

Martyred Generals of Banda Singh Bahadar

Numerous Sikh martyrs fell during the conflicts (1709-1716 AD) as they fought against the Mughals. Unfortunately, historical records provide limited information on these events. Nonetheless, specific details about the martyrdoms of Sikh generals, particularly those associated with Banda Singh Bahadar, have been gathered primarily from the Bhat Vahi Jadobansian, Bhat Vahi Multani Sindhi, Bhat Vahi Purbi Dakhni, Bhat Vahi Talauda pargana, Bhat Vahi Tumar Bijlauton ki, Bhat Vahi Badhson, Bhat KarSindu, Bhat Vahi Kalahandi etc. Regarding the martyrdom of various groups within the Sikh community, such as Jat/Jaat Sikhs, Banjara Sikh,  Bhil Sikhs, Sikligars Sikhs, Bhomia Sikhs, weaver Sikhs, leather dresser Sikhs, Artisan Sikhs, Sufi Sikhs , who collectively formed the Sikh army under the leadership of Banda Singh Bahadar, ongoing research endeavours aim to gather and compile this valuable information.

Throughout Banda Singh Bahadar’s campaigns against Mughals between 1709 to 1716 AD, he led assaults on various regions, such as the subas of Lahore, Multan, Delhi, Ajmer, and Awadh, which were part of the northern Indian subcontinent. The Sikh forces covered an extensive area, approximately 600 kilometres long and 400 kilometres wide, encompassing the river basins of the Indus, Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Beas, Sutlej, Yamuna, and Ganga.Banda Singh Bahadar’s army demonstrated exceptional coordination and  maintained an effective communication network among the Sikh generals stationed at various battlefronts, all working together to resist the Mughal forces. Every Sikh General and soldier under Banda Singh Bahadar fought with exemplary bravery and possessed extraordinary military warfare skills. Persian sources written by the Mughals mention the bravery of Sikh Generals.

Three Mughal emperors – Bahadur Shah, Jahandar Shah, and Farrukhsiyar – had to personally lead their armies to quell this Sikh movement with every possible means but, historians have not written a comprehensive history of Sikh resistance. A large number of Sikhs attained martyrdom in these battles, and research is ongoing to document their sacrifices. The critical fact is that the Sikh Generals who attained martyrdom and their families had been associated with Guru Nanak patshah for the past two centuries and were well-trained soldiers. Some Sikh generals who attained martyrdom in these battles have been drawn from Bhat Vahi and other historical sources. This is just the starting of research on the Sikhs who attained martyrdom during this period, and when more information is attained, the same will be published in the coming editions of the book.

Battle of Amritsar

(Bhagat Darsha (1709 AD) Var Amritsar Ki. Mohibbul Hasan (1968), Historians Of Medieval India, pages 213–214.)

In October 1708 AD, General Banda Singh Bahadar initiated his journey from Nanded, which lasted for a year, as he travelled to Punjab to acquire resources and secure logistics to prepare for the formidable battle against the Mughal empire. This protracted duration also necessitated the dissemination of information and coordination of Sikh activities. In 1709 AD , Amritsar (Guru-ka-chak) was under Mughal control and  Bhai Mani Singh spearheaded the liberation of Amritsar in 1709 AD, following a fierce battle between the Sikh and Mughal forces on 6 April, 1709 AD. The Mughal army, led by Harsahai, was defeated in this engagement, resulting in the martyrdom of several Sikh warriors, including:

  1. Bhai Nagahia Singh, the elder son of Bhai Lakhi Shah Banjara, who was 98 years old, played a pivotal role in the battle against the Mughal army led by Harsahai. Bhai Nagahia Singh valiantly killed Harsahai during the engagement and subsequently sacrificed his own life. This bravery makes Nagahia Singh the most elderly man in the recorded history of humanity to have attained martyrdom on the battlefield.
  2. Bhai Karan Singh, a member of the Rathor Banjara lineage, boasted a distinguished ancestry. His forefather, Bhai Rama Rathor Bahi Lakha Rathod, was a close confidant of Guru Nanak sahib. Bhai Karan Singh’s lineage could be traced back to raja Hathia, who ruled Kanauj in 469 CE. His other ancestor, Bhai Dhura (27.09.1621 AD), had laid down his life while fighting against the Mughals alongside Guru Hargobind sahib. Bhai Karan Singh’s paternal uncles, Ishar Singh (13.08.1700 AD), Suraj Singh (08.10.1700 AD), and his grandfather, Bhai Dayal Singh (01.09.1700 AD), all attained martyrdom while combating the Mughals under the leadership of Guru Gobind Singh Bhai Karan Singh was a trusted companion of General Banda Singh Bahadar during his crusade against the Mughal oppressors.
  3. Bhai Hathu Singh, the main General of Banda Singh Bahadar, was a member of the Chauhan Banjara clan, whose lineage could be traced back to Bhai Udai Karan, a devoted disciple and intimate companion of Guru Nanak patshah. The legacy of sacrifice within the family can be traced to the era of the sixth spiritual leader, Guru Hargobind sahib. During this time, Bhai Kishna (who bravely sacrificed his life on 26 September 1621 AD at the Battle of Rohilla, Punjab ) fought valiantly against the Mughal forces. Bhai Sangat Rai and Bhai Hanumant Rai both attained martyrdom in 1696 AD in the Battle of Guler( Himachal Pradesh), followed by Bhai Aalam Singh, Bhai Bir Singh, and Bhai Amlok Singh in 1705 AD in the Battle of Chamkor during the tenure of the tenth Guru, Guru Gobind Singh patshah. The family’s legacy of sacrifice continued with individuals such as Bhai Sahaj Singh, Bhai Dogar Singh, Bhai Hira Singh, and Bhai Dayal Singh during the time of General Banda Singh Bahadar. Bhai Bhagar Singh from this clan also died in 1740 AD , fighting against the Mughals.
  4. Bhai Mohar Singh, a Banjara Sikh, was martyred in the conflict known as the Battle of Guru-da-Chak ( Amritsar) during the Mughal era. He lost his life while fighting against the Mughals.
  5. Bhai Chhabil Singh, the son of Bhai Murari, was another brave Sikh who made the ultimate sacrifice during the Battle of Guru-da-Chak in Amritsar. This battle took place during the Mughal era, and Bhai Chhabil Singh’s selfless bravery further added to his family’s long-standing tradition of martyrdom. The Chhabil Singh lineage could be traced back to the time of Guru Nanak sahib, as members of this family had been devoted to the Sikh faith for generations. Bhai Chhabil Singh’s forefathers laid down their lives to defend their faith, including his grandfather and great-grandfather.
  6. Bhai Gurmukh Singh, a Banjara Sikh, was Bhai Chhabil Singh’s son and Bhai Murari’s grandson. He was also the father of Bhai Mohar Singh, who is well-known for his martyrdom during the Battle of Guru-da-Chak in Amritsar. This family has a long-standing tradition of devotion to Sikhism that dates back to the time of Guru Nanak sahib. Members of this family have been sacrificing their lives for their faith for generations, making them a true embodiment of Sikh martyrdom. Bhai Gurmukh Singh’s father, Bhai Chhabil Singh, and his grandfather before him had also laid down their lives in defence of Sikh beliefs.
  7. Bhai Jeet Singh was another member of the family lineage of Bhai He was the son of Bhai Chhabil Singh, the grandson of Bhai Murari, and the brother of Bhai Gurmukh Singh and Bhai Mohar Singh. Following in the footsteps of his grandfather, father, and brothers, Bhai Jeet Singh also made the ultimate sacrifice during the Battle of Guru-da-Chak. This family’s unwavering commitment to Sikhism and willingness to sacrifice for their faith is a testament to their deep-rooted values and beliefs.

Sikhs martyred at the Battle of Chappar Chiri.

(Khafi Khan, Muntakhab-ul-Lubab, page II. 653; Elliot, History, VII. 414. The strength of Wazir Khan’s army is given about 15,000 men of all ranks—‘five or six thousand horse and seven or eight thousand musketeers (barkandaz) and archers, and with these, some artillery and elephants.’ Muhammed Harisi, Ibrat Namah, page 41 a, gives the number as 12,000 and says that they were specially collected tor this expedition, while some mention this number as low as seven thousand {Ahwal-i-Salatin-i-Hind page 84 b), and oven three to four thousand (Irvine, Later Mughals page 95). These may be safely dismissed as incredible. The regular force of Wazir Khan and his four or five faujdar allies can under no circumstances be less than 15,000 men as given by Khafi Khan, who would be the last person to give even an exact number of the Muslim force against a non-Muslim. To this may be added the number of the Ghazis, 5000 at the least.)

In 1710, on 13 May AD, a fierce battle took place at Chappar Chiri (near Chandigarh) between Wazir Khan, the faujdar of Sirhind, and General Banda Singh Bahadar’s army. Historians estimate that both armies had around 25-30 thousand soldiers. The battle lasted for a day, and in the end, Wazir Khan lost his life, and the Sikh forces annihilated the entire Mughal army of 30,000 in just a few hours. Some prominent Sikh generals also attained martyrdom in this battle were:

  1. Bhai Sangram Singh, a member of the Pawar Banjara Sikh family, was the son of the famous Bhai Bachitar Singh. Bhai Bachitar Singh gained recognition for killing Mughal elephants during the Mughal attack on Anandpur in 1704 AD. Bhai Sangram Singh was also the grandson of Bhai Mani Singh. His ancestors, Bhai Lakhman and Bhai Radhe, who resided in Nahan near Lohgarh Khalsa Rajdhani, embraced Sikhism under the guidance of Guru Nanak sahib in the 16th The Pawar Banjara Sikh  family traced their ancestry back to raja Bhoj(Jai Ram Pawar, The Genealogy Table of Raja Bhoj and  Bhai Mani Singh is given Raja Bhoj – Parmaro ki Gor Vansh Virast, pages 189-193,( Published by Maharashtra State Hindi Sahitya Academy and blue rose )), and their forefather, Bhai Ballu, greatly influenced him during his time. It is known that he had the privilege of sitting beside emperor Akbar during their interactions. Bhai Ballu served as one of the chief generals of Guru Hargobind sahib, the sixth Guru. He attained martyrdom on 13 April, 1634 AD, at Guru-ka-Chak while fighting against the Mughals at the age of 84. During the Battle of Chappar Chiri, Bhai Sangram Singh displayed tremendous bravery as one of the chief generals under General Banda Singh Bahadar. His brother, Bhai Ram Singh, alongside General Banda Singh Bahadar, was martyred on 9 June, 1716 AD. Bhai Sangram Singh’s father attained martyrdom fighting against the Mughals on 8 December, 1705 AD, after killing numerous Mughal soldiers. The Pawar Banjara family’s association with martyrdom goes back several generations, with approximately 100 family members becoming martyrs between 1621 AD and 1734 AD.
  2. Bhai Mehboob Singh, who hailed from the Pawar Banjara Sikh family, was Bhai Udai Singh’s son and Bhai Mani Singh’s grandson. Bhai Udai Singh had sacrificed his life while fighting under the leadership of Guru Gobind Singh patshah during the Mughal attack on 6 December, 1705 AD. Bhai Mehboob Singh was a close associate of General Banda Singh Bahadar.
  3. Bhai Fateh Singh, who belonged to the Pawar Banjara Sikh family, was Bhai Udai Singh’s son and Bhai Mehboob Singh’s younger brother. Bhai Udai Singh was the son of Bhai Mani Singh. Bhai Fateh Singh was a close confidant of General Banda Singh Bahadar.
  4. Bhai Bajar Singh, who belonged to the Rathod clan of Banjara Sikhs, gave training in weaponry to Guru Gobind Singh patshah . He was the son of Bhai Rama, the grandson of the martyr Bhai Sukhiya, and the great-grandson of Bhai Bhai Mandan  laid down his life while fighting under the leadership of Guru Hargobind sahib against the Mughals on 27 September, 1621 AD. His brothers, Bhai Jeeta Singh, Neta Singh, and Udai Singh also attained martyrdom while fighting against the Mughals during Guru Gobind Singh sahib on 14 October, 1700 AD. The family, under the wise guidance of Guru Nanak sahib and during the time of Bhai Lakha Rathod, embraced Sikhism wholeheartedly. raja Hathia of this family ruled over Kanauj in 469 AD, but their rule ended after Shahab-ud-Din Ghori’s invasion.

Sikh Martyr in the Battle of Khera Amin, Taraori.

(According to the Persian document , Dastur-ul-Insha, (Eye Witness of the Events) (1710-1711AD) by Yar Mohammad Khan Kalandhar.)

  1. During the Battle of Khera Amin-Taraori, which took place on 16 October, 1710 AD, between the Mughal and Sikh armies near Karnal-Kurukshetra, numerous Mughal soldiers met their end. The Sikh commander, Bhai Kirat Singh, also lost his life in this intense conflict.

Second Battle of Sirhind

(Kamwar, Tatkirat-us-Salatin 150 b-163 b.)

On 20 November 1710 AD, Mughal forces attacked Sirhind to regain control of this sarkar. Meanwhile, the sizeable Mughal army under the leadership of emperor Bahadur Shah also putan expedition against Sikhs at Lohgarh Khalsa Rajdhani. To regain control of the Mughal territories of sarkars and parganas of suba  Delhi from the Sikhs, the Mughal army launched simultaneous assaults on the Sikh forces at various points. Shamas Khan, faujdar of Jalandhar, leading the Mughal troops, marched towards Sirhind on 2 November, 1710 AD. Meanwhile, Bhai Baaj Singh, a prominent Sikh general, was stationed near Lahore. Despite being outnumbered, the Sikh forces, led by Sukha Singh Bangeshwari and Bhai Sham Singh, bravely confronted the Mughal army and engaged in combat with Shamas Khan and Wazid Khan.

  1. Bhai Sukh Singh Bangeshwari was a prominent Sikh general during the time of Banda Singh Bahadar. He belonged to the family of Bhai Mani Singh, a renowned Sikh scholar and martyr. Bhai Sukh Singh Bangeshwari played a significant role in the Sikh resistance against Mughal oppression during the early 18th As a trusted lieutenant of Banda Singh Bahadar, he led several successful military campaigns against the Mughals. He played a crucial role in defending key Sikh strongholds such as Sirhind and Lohgarh. Bhai Sukh Singh Bangeshwari’s bravery and leadership skills earned him a prominent place in Sikh history. He was martyred in the Battle of Sirhind.
  2. Bhai Lal Singh was a prominent Sikh warrior who played a significant role in defending the Sirhind forts during the Mughal-Sikh conflicts in the early 18th He was a dedicated and loyal follower of Banda Singh Bahadar, the Sikh leader who led the Sikh resistance against Mughal oppression. When the Mughal forces attacked the Sirhind forts, Bhai Lal Singh was one of the Sikh defenders who bravely fought against them. He displayed exceptional bravery and leadership skills during the battle, inspiring his fellow Sikhs to fight with equal determination. Despite being outnumbered and outgunned, Bhai Lal Singh and Sikh soldiers put up a fierce resistance against the Mughals. However, in the end, Bhai Lal Singh laid down his life fighting against the Mughals, making the supreme sacrifice for the Sikh faith. He was the younger brother of Bhai Sukha Singh, and his father was Bhai Nathia, who belonged to the Pawar Banjar clan.

First Battle of Lohgarh

(Khafi Khan, 669  Elliott, vii, 423.)

In the latter part of 1710 AD, the Mughal emperor Bahadur Shah led an army of approximately 2,00,000 soldiers to Sadhaura and Lohgarh. For six months, he attempted to conquer Sikh fortification in the Lohgarh area but was unsuccessful. Afterwards, he departed for Lahore, leaving behind a sizable Mughal force that again invaded Sadhaura with full force on 26 June, 1711 AD. The Mughal army suffered significant losses during the battle, but several prominent Sikh generals also lost their lives. During this period, General Banda Singh Bahadar was valiantly fighting against the Mughals in the Lahore region. These individuals include:

  1. During the repeated Mughal invasions of Sadhaura, Bhai Albela Singh, a prominent Sikh general, met martyrdom in the battle that took place on 26 June, 1711 AD.
  2. Bhai Nazir Singh, the son of Jalal Khan, the faujdar of Jalalabad, embraced Sikhism and became a prominent general in the army of General Banda Singh Bahadar. He bravely fought in the battle at Sadhaura on 26 June, 1711 AD, but unfortunately, he lost his life during the conflict.
  3. Bhai Janahar Singh, the younger brother of Bhai Nazir Singh, also participated in the battle at Sadhaura on 26 June, 1711 AD. Both brothers, along with the Sikh soldiers, made the ultimate sacrifice and laid down their lives during the conflict.
  4. Bhai Bhikhan Singh, the nephew of Pir Budhu Shah, was a distinguished general in the army of General Banda Singh Bahadar. He played a crucial role in the Battle of Chappar Chiri and remained stationed at Banur for an extended period to assist General Banda Singh Bahadar. Recognizing his significant contributions, a Gurdwara named Puda sahib has been dedicated to him in Zirakpur (Chandigarh). Bhai Bhikhan Singh, like many other brave Sikh warriors, lost his life on 26 June, 1711 AD, during the battle at Sadhaura while fighting against the Mughals.

Battle of Sambha (a village on the Jammu-Pathankot highway)

Following the Sikh army’s incursions into several Mughal territories in Lahore suba , including the battle at Samba, two prominent Sikh generals were apprehended and subsequently executed on 10 September, 1711 AD by the Mughals.

  1. Bhai Mahi Singh, a Rathod banjara and the son of Bhai Pikha Rathod, held a significant position in General Banda Singh Bahadar’s army.
  2. Bhai Dargahi Singh, who belonged to the Rathod Banjara and was the younger brother of Bhai Mahi Singh, also served as one of the principal military commanders in the army of General Banda Singh Bahadar.

Alhowal Genocide (Lahore)

(Akhbarat-i-Darbar-i-Mu’alla, entry of 11.11.1710 AD.)

In October 1710 AD, the Mughal emperor issued a decree to eliminate the Sikhs. Muslim officials, clergy, Hindu elites, and feudal collaborators executed this order. In compliance with this directive, the subedar  of Multan arrested forty Sikhs, predominantly Banjara Sikhs and Bhats Sikhs, from various parts of the province. These forty Sikhs were then transferred to Lahore to face the emperor. On 11 October, 1711AD, the emperor commanded that they convert to Islam or face burial alive. However, these forty Sikhs refused to renounce their faith and were buried alive in the village of Alhowal near the emperor’s camp. Sarbrah Khan, the kotwal, was instructed to execute them if they refused to change their religion.

  1. Bhai Sahaj Singh belonged to the Chauhan Banjara Sikhs clan and was the son of Bhai Jaggu and grandson of Bhai Padma. An ancestor of this family, Bhai Udai Karan, was a disciple of Guru Nanak sahib and had a close relationship with him. Bhai Udai Karan served as the masand of Multan. The Sathavana dynasty, founded by the Chauhan Banjara, ruled Ashtrapura in South India around 425 BC, to whom Bhai Udai Karan belonged this family. The trend of attaining martyrdom in Bhai Sahaj Singh’s family began during the time of the sixth Guru, Hargobind sahib. In 1696 AD, Bhai Kishna and Bhai Sangat Rai were martyred, and in 1705 AD, Bhai Hanumant Rai, Bhai Alam Singh, Bhai Vir Singh, Bhai Amolakh Singh, and Bhai Mohar Singh gave their lives while fighting under Guru Gobind Singh against the Mughals in different battles. Bhai Sahaj Singh was closely associated with General Banda Singh Bahadar and supplied essential provisions, including grains and logistics, to Sikh soldiers in Multan and Lahore.
  2. Bhai Dogar Singh, who belonged to the Chauhan Banjara clan and was the younger brother of Bhai Sahaj Singh, was also subjected to burial alive under the emperor’s command. Sarbrah Khan, the kotwal, was instructed to execute him if he refused to change their religion.
  3. Bhai Heera Singh was another member of the Chauhan Banjara family, and he was the younger brother of Bhai Sahaj Singh and Bhai Dogar Singh. Like his brother and other Sikhs, Bhai Heera Singh was subjected to burial alive as a result of the Mughal emperor’s decree to eliminate the Sikhs in October 1710 AD.
  4. Bhai Dayal Singh was another brother of Bhai Sahaj Singh, Bhai Dogar Singh, and Bhai Heera Singh, all of whom belonged to the Chauhan Banjara Sikh clan. Like his siblings, Bhai Dayal Singh was also subjected to burial alive as a result of the Mughal emperor’s decree to eliminate the Sikhs in October 1710 AD.
  5. 25. Bhai Keso Singh Bhat, whose ancestors lived in the Tanda of Banjara. Bhat Keso was the son of Bhat Bohit and the grandson of the martyr Bhat Kirat, who was the great-grandfather of Bhat Keso, he was a prominent Bhat who served as both a poet in Guru Granth sahib and a soldier in the army of Guru Hargobind sahib, the sixth Guru. Bhat Kirat was privileged to attend the Guru Ramdas patshah and Guru Arjan patshah’s court.

In early medieval times, the Banjara Sikhs distanced themselves from the varna system and developed their own religious beliefs under the tutelage of the Bhats of Tandas. The Bhats living in Tanda played a significant role in establishing themselves as spiritual leaders of the Banjara Sikhs, and after meeting Guru Nanak patshah, both Bhats and Banjaras became Sikhs. Hymns of eleven Bhats, including Bhat Kirat, enshrined in Guru Granth sahib (The Sikh Review, Volume 55, Issues 1-6, Sikh Cultural Centre, 2007, page 8)Bhat Kirat, whose father Bhat Bhika hailed from Sultanpur Lodhi, was the brother of Bhat Mathura. The ancestors of Kirat’s father had migrated from Sultanpur Lodhi and settled in Ladwa village near Kurukshetra city (Haryana), which region falls under the Lohgarh Khalsa Rajdhani zone. In the 17th  century, Bhat Kirat was disillusioned with the Mughal oppression and joined Guru Hargobind sahib, in his fight against the Mughal empire. Bhat Kirat played a significant role in the Battle of Amritsar in 1634 AD and killed Lahore’s subedar Murtaza Khan. However, due to heavy injuries and excessive blood loss, he breathed his last on the battlefield(Dhillon, Dalbir Singh (1988), Sikhism  Origin and Development. Atlantic Publishers & Distributors Pvt Limited, page 122.). Bhat Kirat’s descendant, Bhat Keso,  a close associate, was arrested from Multan and martyred in Lahore.

  1. Bhai Hari Singh Bhat was Bhai Keso Singh’s younger brother, a close associate of General Banda Singh Bahadar.
  2. Bhai Desa Singh Bhat was the younger brother of Bhai Keso Singh and Bhai Hari Singh, and similarly to his siblings, he was closely associated with General Banda Singh Bahadar.
  3. Bhai Narbud Singh Bhat was the younger brother of Bhai Keso Singh Bhat, Bhai Hari Singh Bhat, and Bhai Desa Singh Bhat, and like his siblings, he had a close association with General Banda Singh Bahadar.
  4. Bhai Tara Singh Bhat was the younger brother of Bhai Keso Singh Bhat, Bhai Hari Singh Bhat, Bhai Desa Singh Bhat, and Bhai Narbud Singh. Being among General Banda Singh Bahadar’s close companions during this time was a testament to the individual’s dedication, loyalty, and bravery.
  5. Bhai Sewa Singh Bhat was the younger brother of Bhai Keso Singh Bhat, Bhai Hari Singh Bhat, Bhai Desa Singh Bhat, Bhai Narbud Singh Bhat, and Bhai Tara Singh Bhat. Like his siblings, Bhai Sewa Singh shared a strong bond with General Banda Singh Bahadar. Their close relationship likely stemmed from shared familial ties, the mutual dedication to the Sikh cause, and the fight against the Mughal empire.
  6. Bhai Deva Singh Bhat was the younger brother of Bhai Keso Singh Bhat, Bhai Hari Singh Bhat, Bhai Desa Singh Bhat, Bhai Narbud Singh Bhat, Bhai Tara Singh Bhat, and Bhai Sewa Singh Bhat. Much like his brothers, these individuals were an integral part of General Banda Singh Bahadar’s close circle
  7. Bhai Jetha Singh-I was a member of the Chauhan Banjara. He was Bhai Sabil Singh’s son, Bhai Chanda’s grandson, and Bhai Ladha’s great-grandson. His family had converted to Sikhism under the influence of Guru Nanak patshah. Bhai Jetha Singh held a significant position as a close associate of General Banda Singh Bahadar. Their relationship was likely forged through shared ideals and dedication to the Sikh cause as they fought against the Mughal empire’s oppressive rule.
  8. Bhai Jetha Singh-II, who belonged to the Pawar Banjara Sikh family, was the son of Bhai Mai Das and the grandson of Bhai Ballu . He had an elder brother Bhai Mani Singh who was taken to Alhowal Lahore and put to death there.
  9. Bhai Hari Singh, hailing from the Pawar Banjara family, was Bhai Mai Das’s son and Bhai Ballu’s grandson. He was also the elder brother of Bhai Jetha Singh and Bhai Mani Singh. Like his brothers, he was arrested and taken to Lahore, where he faced execution.
  10. Bhai Roop Singh, belonging to the Pawar Banjara Sikh , served as the elder brother of Bhai Jetha Singh and Bhai Hari Singh, who played a significant role as a close associate of General Banda Singh Bahadar.
  11. Bhai Prasanna Singh who belongs to the Rathod Banjara family, was Bhai Ahibt Singh’s son, Bhai Tega’s grandson, and Bhai Sukhia Maandhan’s great-grandson. His family had a royal lineage and ruled over Kanauj in 469 AD. Bhai Lakha Rathod, his ancestor, became a devout Sikh of Guru Nanak sahib in the late 15th The tradition of sacrifices in his family began during the Guru Hargobind sahib . Bhai Dhoora (27.09.1621 AD), Bhai Sukhia (16.12.1634 AD), Bhai Fateh Chand (26.04.1635 AD), and Bhai Jaggu (26.04.1635 AD) laid down their lives in service of Guru Hargobind sahib. Bhai Udai (18.09.1688 AD), Bhai Issar Singh (29.08.1700 AD), Bhai Dayala Singh (13.10.1700 AD), Bhai Suraj Singh (13.10.1700 AD), and Bhai Jit Singh (14.10.1700 AD) attained martyrdom during the time of Guru Gobind Singh. Bibi Bhikhan Kaur Banjara, the first Sikh woman general from this family, sacrificed her life on 06.12.1705 AD in the Battle of Anandpur. Bhai Karan Singh, Bhai Prasanna Singh’s elder brother, attained martyrdom on 06.04.1709 AD in the Battle of Amritsar. Bhai Prasanna Singh was a valued and trusted companion of General Banda Singh Bahadar. Due to their mutual commitment to the Sikh cause, Bhai Prasanna Singh shared a strong bond with the general.
  12. Bhai Anoop Singh, from the Rathod Banjara Sikh family, was one of General Banda Singh Bahadar’s key associates and Bhai Prasanna Singh’s younger brother.
  13. Bhai Mohar Singh, belonging to the Rathod Banjara Sikh, was the younger brother of Bhai Anoop Singh and Bhai Prasanna Singh who had a significant presence within General Banda Singh Bahadar’s close circle.
  14. Bhai Channan Singh, a Rathod Banjara, was closely associated with General Banda Singh Bahadar. He served as the general’s intimate companion and was the younger brother of Bhai Mohar Singh, Bhai Anoop Singh, and Bhai Prasanna Singh.
  15. Bhai Kehar Singh, belonging to the Rathod Banjara Sikh family, was the younger brother of Bhai Mohar Singh, Bhai Anoop Singh, Bhai Prasanna Singh, and Bhai Channan Singh who shared a close companionship with General Banda Singh Bahadar.

Battle of Bilaspur

(Journal of Sikh Studies – Volume 36  page 9)

On 28 December, 1711 AD, the Battle of Bilaspur unfolded. The ruler of Bilaspur encountered resistance and hurdles imposed by the Mughals. In response, the Sikh forces launched an invasion of Bilaspur, leading to substantial losses for the ruler. Tragically, during this battle, three Sikh generals made the ultimate sacrifice, attaining martyrdom.

  1. Bhai Dharm Singh, the son of Bhai Chhabila and grandson of Bhai Chanda, belonged to a lineage that traces back to Bhai His family embraced the Sikh faith during the time of Guru Nanak sahib and was deeply influenced by his ideology. Bhai Dharm Singh had the honour of teaching the four Sahibzadas—Ajit Singh, Jorawar Singh, Jujhar Singh, and Fateh Singh, all the sons of Guru Gobind Singh patshah and shared a close bond with General Banda Singh Bahadar.
  2. Bhai Bagh Singh, belonging to the Pawar Banjara Sikh family, was Bhai Udai Singh’s son. He shared a close association with General Banda Singh Bahadar. The ruler of Bilaspur posed numerous problems and obstacles for Sikh forces, which resulted in retaliation. On 28 December, 1711 AD, a fierce battle erupted between the Bilaspur army and the Sikh forces at Barsana near Bilaspur. Bhai Bagh Singh attained martyrdom during the intense confrontation. (More detailed information about this family can be found in the discussion on the martyrdom of Bhai Albela Singh).
  3. Bhai Keso Singh, belonging to the Pawar Banjara Sikh lineage, was the son of Bhai Chittar Singh and the great-grandson of Bhai Mani Singh. Like his fellow family members, he laid down his life in the battle mentioned. (A detailed account of this family’s history has been previously discussed while recounting the sacrifice of Bhai Sohan Singh.)

Third Battle of Sirhind

(Akhbarat-i-Darbar-i-Mu’alla, entry of 12.6.1712 AD. Harisi, 44 a.)

On 15 June, 1712 AD, Sikhs had complete control over Sirhind sarkar. However, the Mughals launched another attack on the Sikh forces to capture Sirhind again. The details of the Sikh general who attained martyrdom in this battle are as follows:

  1. Bhai Lal Singh, belonging to the Chauhan Banjara Sikh , was the son of Bhai Gurdas Singh whose lineage can be traced back to Bhai Udai Karan, who became a disciple of Guru Nanak sahib and was closely associated with him. Another ancestor of Bhai Lal Singh, Bhai Kishana , was a trusted associate of , Guru Hargobind sahib, and attained martyrdom on 26 April, 1635 AD, while battling against the Mughals at Kartarpur (Jalandhar). Bhai Lal Singh himself was an associate of General Banda Singh Bahadar who made the supreme sacrifice, laying down his life while fighting against the Mughals at Sirhind on 15 June, 1712 AD.

Second Battle of Lohgarh- Sadhaura

(Arzdashat (letter) written by Jeth Mall (agent of Raja of Jaipur) to the Raja of Jaipur, in April 1713 AD, Serial no 62, Arzdaasht no 145 (Rajasthani Documents on Banda Singh Bahadar, edited by Dr Balwant Singh Dhillon).)

After emperor Farrukhsiyar assumed power, he commanded subedar of Lahore Abdul Samad Khan to launch another invasion of Sadhaura. Nonetheless, the Sikh forces, led by General Banda Singh Bahadar, emerged victorious and successfully defended Sadhaura from falling into Mughal hands. A monumental battle was waged between the Sikh and Mughal forces  on 22 June, 1713 AD, during this fierce encounter, the following Sikh generals laid down their lives in sacrifice:

  1. Bhai Albela Singh, hailing from the Pawar Banjara Sikh family, was Bhai Udai Singh’s son and Bhai Mani Singh’s grandson who descended from a lineage that included Bhai Ballu and raja Bhai Udai Singh held a prominent position among the Sikhs under the guidance of Guru Gobind Singh and met his martyrdom while fighting against the Mughals in the Battle of Anandpur on 6 December, 1705 AD. Further continuing the tradition of his family, on 22 June, 1713 AD, Bhai Albela Singh bravely sacrificed his life after inflicting significant losses upon the Mughal forces.
  2. Bhai Mohar Singh : A Pawar Banjara Sikh , he was the younger brother of Bhai Albela Singh who was close to General Banda Singh Bahadar.
  3. Bhai Sona Singh, hailing from the Pawar clan of Banjara Sikhs, displayed great courage in his fight against the Mughals in Sadhaura and ultimately attained martyrdom on 22 June, 1713 AD. His father, Bhai Chittar Singh, and his grandfather, Bhai Mani Singh, were both martyred by the Mughals in Lahore in 1734 AD. Additionally, his younger brother, Bhai Hatthu Singh, sacrificed his life on 27th March, 1758 AD, while battling against the Mughals in Sirhind.

Genocide of Sikh Generals at Delhi

(Akhbarat-i-Darbar-i-Mu’alla, entry of 5.3.1716. Kamwar, Taskirah, 179 a-b. Khafi Khan, Muntakhab-ul-Lubab, vol II, page 766, Haqiqat-i-Bina-Aruz-i-Sikhan, page 10). After a gruelling battle lasting eight months at Gurdas Nangal fort in 1715 AD, the Sikh generals were eventually captured. On 9 June, 1716 AD, General Banda Singh Bahadar, along with his son Bhai Ajay Singh, his wife Sushilaa Kaur, and his esteemed army generals, faced their execution at Mehrauli, Delhi. This heart-wrenching scene unfolded before the tomb of emperor Bahadur Shah at Qutub Minar. The decision to martyr them in this specific location was made to bring peace to Bahadur Shah’s soul. It was believed that his insanity, triggered by witnessing the courage and preparedness of the Sikh army, had contributed to his demise in 1712 AD. Adding to the tragedy, 740 Sikh warriors were transported from Gurdas Nangal fort to Delhi in the first week of June, and the execution of 100 Sikh warriors took place each day. These brave Sikhs exhibited exceptional resilience and moral courage, as they neither shed tears nor displayed any signs of despair or tension in their countenances before their executions. An eyewitness account from a British observer attests to the stoicism and satisfaction exhibited by these courageous warriors. On 9 June, 1716 AD, the following Sikh generals attained martyrdom. Details are as below:-
  1. General Banda Singh Bahadar: Following his capture in the fortress of Gurdas Nangal, General Banda Singh Bahadar was transported to Delhi, where he faced execution alongside 740 of his Sikh soldiers.
  2. Bhai Ajay Singh : He was the son of General Banda Singh Bahadar, who was only four years old when he was executed before his father at the orders of Farukkhsiyar.
  3. Bibi Sushila Kaur, the wife of General Banda Singh Bahadar, suffered a cruel fate. She was executed in Delhi upon the orders of emperor Farrukhsiyar.
  4. Bhai Bhagwant Singh Bangeshwari belonged to the Pawar Banjara Sikh family who was Bhai Nathia’s son, Bhai Mani Singh’s nephew, and Bhai Ballu’s grandson. The Pawar clan, which traces its lineage back to raja Bhoj, resided in the prosperous and powerful Tanda of Bangeshwari. Their Tanda was renowned worldwide for its wealth and influence. The ancestors of this family, namely Bhai Lakhman and Bhai Radha, were early disciples of Guru Nanak and resided in Nahan. Bhai Bhagwant Singh’s grandfather, Bhai Ballu (born on 2nd April, 1560 AD), held a prominent position as one of the chief generals of Guru Hargobind sahib. He bravely sacrificed his life while fighting against the Mughals at Amritsar on 13th April, 1634 AD. Bhai Bhagwant Singh Bangeshwari, bestowed with the mansab of 5000 by Aurangzeb, held the position of ruler in Attock (now in Pakistan). He was an essential companion of General Banda Singh Bahadar. Notably, it was with his Tanda (caravan) that General Banda Singh Bahadar travelled from Nanded to Punjab.
  5. Bhai Baaj Singh Bangeshwari, the younger brother of Bhai Bhagwant Singh Bangeshwari, held a prominent position as one of the chief generals under General Banda Singh Bahadar.
  6. Bhai Koyar Singh Bangeshwari, similarly to his elder brother Bhai Bhagwant Singh Bangeshwari, held a significant position in the army General Banda Singh Bahadar led.
  7. Bhai Sham Singh Bangeshwari, another younger brother of Bhai Bhagwant Singh Bangeshwari, held a crucial role as a prominent general within the forces of General Banda Singh Bahadar.
  8. Bhai Nahar Singh Bangeshwari, the son of Bhai Baaj Singh, earned recognition as one of the notable generals serving under General Banda Singh Bahadar.
  9. Bhai Sher Singh Bangeshwari, the son of Bhai Baaj Singh and the brother of Bhai Nahar Singh Bangeshwari, rose to prominence as one of the chief generals within the ranks of General Banda Singh Bahadar.
  10. Bhai Albela Singh Bangeshwari, son of Bhai Baaj Singh and brother of Bhai Nahar Singh and Bhai Sher Singh, held a position of great significance as one of the esteemed generals in the army of General Banda Singh Bahadar.
  11. Bhai Ram Singh, a member of the Pawar Banjara Sikh clan, came from a courageous lineage who was Bhai Bachittar Singh’s son, Bhai Mani Singh’s grandson, and Bhai Ballu’s descendant. Bhai Bachittar Singh displayed immense bravery and attained martyrdom while fighting against the Mughals on 8th December, 1705 AD, at Kotla, Anandpur. One notable incident highlights the courage of Bhai Bachittar Singh. In 1705 AD, when the Mughals attacked the Anandpur fort with their elephants, Bhai Bachittar Singh fearlessly confronted them. Armed with his snake-like spear, he single-handedly killed the charging elephants. This act signifies the unwavering dedication of the entire family towards serving the Sikh Guru sahibans with utmost devotion.
  12. Bhai Aali Singh, a resident of Salaundi village near Sirhind, held a close companionship with General Banda Singh Bahadar. His family, tracing their Sikh faith back to the times of Guru Nanak sahib, had a long history of embracing the Sikh religion. One of his ancestors, Bhai Sihanga, attained martyrdom on 13th April, 1634 AD, while fighting alongside Guru Hargobind sahib against the Mughals.
  13. Bhai Rai Singh Bajoori: His ancestor, Nahu Das Gautam, originally from Kurukshetra, embraced the Sikh faith in 1502 AD when Guru Nanak sahib visited Thanesar (Kurukshetra). Bhai Rai Singh Bajoori held a special connection as the nephew of Bhai Mati Das, who has a revered place in Sikh history. Bhai Mati Das, along with Bhai Dayala Das Banjara (a descendant of Bhai Ballu ) and Bhai Sati Das, met their execution before the beheading of Guru Tegh Bahadar patshah, the ninth Guru sahib, in Chandni Chowk, Delhi, in 1675 AD, per the orders of Aurangzeb. Notably, Bhai Mati Das endured a gruesome fate as the Mughal executioner severed his body in two parts using a saw. Furthermore, Bhai Rai Singh can trace his lineage to his grandfather, Hiranand, who had close associations with Guru Hargobind sahib who bravely sacrificed his life in battle against the Mughals at Kartarpur (Jalandhar) on 28th April, 1635 AD. Additionally, Bhai Rai Singh’s elder brother, Bhai Mukandam Singh, gave his life fighting against the Mughals at the fort of Chamkaur on 3rd  December, 1705 AD.
  14. Bhai Gulab Singh Bakshi: He was the son of Bhai Bakshi and the grandson of Bhai Lakhi Shah Banjara who was one of the chief generals of General Banda Singh Bahadar. In 1720 AD, the Rangar Mughals martyred him in the village of Singhpura (near Paonta ).
  15. Bhai Agraj Singh is the son of Bhai Nagahia Singh and the grandson of the famous Bhai Lakhi Shah Banjara.
  16. Bhai Dharam Singh, son of Bhai Roopa (1614-1709 AD), who served as a masand in the Malwa region of Punjab, hailed from a lineage of prominent Sikhs associated with Guru Nanak sahib. When General Banda Singh Bahadar arrived in Punjab, Bhai Param Singh and Bhai Dharam Singh worked closely with the Sikh forces in the Malwa region. They were vital in providing necessary supplies to General Banda Singh Bahadar. Bhai Dharam Singh himself held the esteemed position of being one of the chief generals under General Banda Singh Bahadar.
  17. Bhai Farhaj Singh, Bhai Agraj Singh’s younger brother and Bhai Nagahia Singh’s son, held a distinguished position as one of the esteemed generals under General Banda Singh Bahadar.
  18. Bhai Param Singh, the son of Bhai Roopa and the brother of Bhai Dharam Singh, shared the significant role of being one of the chief generals under General Banda Singh Bahadar, just like his brother.
  19. Bhai Gurbax Singh, son of Bhai Bhagtu, a Jat Sikh family who dedicated his services to the fifth, sixth, and seventh Sikh Guru sahibans, held the esteemed position of masand in the Malwa region. The family of Bhai Gurbax Singh played a crucial role in overseeing the preparations of the Sikh forces in the Lakhi Forest. Accompanying General Banda Singh Bahadar during his journey in the Lakhi forests, Bhai Gurbax Singh displayed unwavering dedication. Tragically, he attained martyrdom alongside General Banda Singh Bahadar in Delhi in 1716 AD.
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